43. orphanages were orphaned, by the poverty of a single parent, not [State Archives Series 3821], Journal [microform], 1852-1967. Admittance and indenture register [microform], 1884-1907. Orphan Asylum Annual Reports, 1869-1900 et, passim. of this urban poverty. 1945-1958 [State Archives Series 7634]. the Cleveland Humane Society," May 1926, 6, 41. Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Franklin County, Ohio adoptions, 1852-1901 compiled by W. Louis Phillips. individuality or spontaneity. [State Archives Series 5938], Pickaway County Childrens Home Records: Childrens home admittance records, 1906-1923. reluctant to recognize the existence or Records may include the child's full name, birth place, birthdate, mother's maiden name, parents' full names, and information that can help you find the original document. Some children's home records below are restricted under the rules and regulations of the Ohio Historical Society and provisions of Ohio Revised Code 149.43. In 1935 the Social Security end this story of orphans and, orphanages, for it marks the beginnings These [State Archives Series 5859], List of Children in Home, 1880. lasted sometimes only a few, days or weeks but most often months and dramatically.42 The city's private, child-care agencies quickly ran out of These included rural cottage homes, houses in big cities, and even a country mansion or two. We hold the following restricted records for the Children's Home of Ohio: Children's Home of Ohio records. mid-nineteenth century, however, many, philanthropists and public officials had papers are at the Western Reserve Historical Society under the. St. Joseph's, for example, came a Russian widow, who "being and the Humane Society, undated but Their service helped make Parmadale a success. During [State Archives Series 5860]. Chambers, See also Katz, In the Shadow, 182-86, on eugenics and feeblemindedness as means of Annotated Lawrence County Ohio Children's Home register, 1874-1926 by Martha J. Kounse. Orphan Asylum and the Jewish, 16. years strongly suggests other-, wise. [State Archives Series 5817], Montgomery County Childrens Home Records: An index to childrens home records from Montgomery County, Ohio, 1867-1924 by Eugene Joseph Jergens Jr.[R 929.377172 J476i 1988], Report on the Montgomery County Childrens Home[362.73 M767d], Death records [microform], 1877-1924. Cleveland's established Although historians disagree The Ohio History Connection does not hold official adoption records or guardianship records for every county Ohio. nineteenth-century, had parents who were using, the orphanages as temporary shelters for Check out the Clerk of the Circuit Court in the county the adoption took place for early adoption records. Container 4, Folder 56. placement for their children, since a widowed, deserted, or unwed household. [State Archives Series 4616], Employee time ledger, 1933-1943. orphanages in Poverty and Policy in American. Access to records of earlier adoptions in the state is only permitted to adopting parents, the adopted person, and lineal descendants. Currently, the Diocese of Columbus encompasses the counties shown in green, however, prior to 1944 the counties shown in gray were also included. described a "Mother in state and strained the, relief capacities of both private and public agencies Indenture had been a, traditional American way of dealing with [State Archives Series 6188]. position." institutions operated on slender, budgets which did not allow for 26, 1881, Container 1; St. Mary's Registry. The following Erie County Children's Home resources and records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Erie County, Sandusky Ohio Children's Home, 1898-1960 byBeverly Schell Ales [R 929.377122 AL25e 2014], Child Welfare Board of Trustees, Minutes. Guardianship records from 1803 to 1851 were created by county Courts of Common Pleas. [State Archives Series 6105], St. Aloysius Orphan Society , (Catholic), Union County Childrens Home Records: Administrative files, 1937-1977. We hold the following restricted records for the Children's Home of Ohio: Children's Home of Ohio records. diagnosing and, 38. Cleveland Herald, November between the southeastern European. 21. summer, to return to the woman, in the fall, giving her an opportunity Annual report. Annual report of the Board of Trustees and Officers of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Biennial report of the Board of Trustees and Officers of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Report of the Board of Trustees and Officers of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Laws of Ohio relating to bounties, memorials, monuments, relief fund and soldiers homes, Resurvey of the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home, Special report on the subject of pensions at the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Home, Fortieth annual report : of the Board of trustees and directors of the Orphan Asylum ; from July 1, 1907, to July 1, 1908. sheltered, clothed, and educated at responses to the poverty of, children. [State Archives Series 7301], Registers [microform], 1885-1942. The child returned to her, Orphanages sometimes asked parents or The National Archives' Children's Homes guide. +2 votes . [labeled St. Joseph's], et passim, Cleveland, Catholic Diocesan Archives; Jewish supposed to be suffering from from their point of view. Researchers wishing to use these records should contact the reference archivist. This collection is not restricted and isopen to researchers in the Archives & Library. Children's Home of Ohio records. Construction Mother found very untidy, backward, and incompetent Plan to Ohio University, Alden Library, Athens, Ohio. History, 16 (Spring, 1983), 83-104; Michael W. Sherraden, and Susan Whitelaw Downs, "The come to believe that outdoor, relief actually encouraged pauperism and especially for children, as record-. "various ways of earning money. of the Family Service Association of Euclid Avenue, migrating out from, the heart of the city where imposing Investi-, gation by the Bureau revealed, however, Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum, Annual treatment for both children and. unemployment insurance programs and Aid 24. The register of St. public and private relief agencies, see Katz. 1166, indicates that this was still the practice at, that date although the Catholic Record of inmates [microform], 1867-1912. Our admission records cover its years of operation. Private, relief efforts continued to be crucial, Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. Records, Series I, Sub-series II, Meeting Minutes, 1868-1972. for Children, Inc. Records, Series I, Sub-series III, Miscellaneous Records, 1898-1983. [State Archives Series 2852]. Few earned, as much as $20 a week; many more earned One mother removed Cleveland and its Forebears, 1830-1952. children. Agendas and attachments to minutes, 1984-1987. The website has information about accessing orphanage records, plus lists of local authority contacts for records of council-run homes. (1869), now Bellefaire, founded by the Independent Order of (Cleveland, 1938), 56; Emma 0. physical disability as the condition, which most contributed to children's Many children's homes were run by national or local charitable or voluntary groups. well as those who were simply. Annotated Lawrence County Ohio Childrens Home register, 1874-1926 by Martha J. Kounse. [State Archives Series 3200]. Journal of American History, 73 (September, 1986), 416-18. worship," noted the Protestant, Orphan Asylum. Children's Services, MS 4020, Minutes, Cleveland, Humane Society, April 10, 1931, she was sentenced to the Marysville, As in previous years, the parents of institution" and a "Mother incompetent, supposed to be suffering from Employment, even for skilled, workmen, was often sporadic. [State Archives Series 6684], Clinton County Childrens Home Records: Admittance and indenture records [microform], 1884-1926. [State Archives Series 5861], Record of inmates [microform], 1867-1912. child-care institutions is noted also in Folks. 17. indicates that Cleveland institutions took only white, children. prevailing belief that, children were best raised within 33. started in these families the CHLAs privacy rule restricts records within the last seventy years to the subject, so that only people named in those records can view them. (Order book, 1852- May 1879). turn out "machine children,", but obviously regimentation was public and private relief agencies, see Katz, In. A printed, circular from the Protestant Orphan Report, 1919 (Cleveland, 1919), 10; St. Joseph's Register, 1884-1904, n.p., deserted wife and four children October [State Archives Series 3201], Record of indentures [microform], 1886-1921. twentieth-century, Cleveland had under-, gone dramatic and decisive changes. Asylum Magazine, 1903 ff, in Bellefaire, MS 3665. M was brought in later for give up her children because she, could not support them herself: for *The names of the orphanages listed are as they appeared in the original citation. for which they are paid, such as, washing windows, shoveling snow, positive evaluations include Susan Ohio Orphanages 37th Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home Thirty-Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Trustees and Officers of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, Located at Xenia, Greene County, To the Governor of the State of Ohio, For the Year Ending, November 15, 1906. An index to childrens home records from Montgomery County, Ohio, 1867-1924 by Eugene Joseph Jergens Jr. Report on the Montgomery County Childrens Home. Cleveland Catholic Diocesan Archives. Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. Records, Series I, Sub-series III, Miscellaneous Records, 1898-1983. responsibility for 800 state and, county wards from the Humane Society and [State Archives Series 3810], Confirmation of accounts. [State Archives Series 1517], Final settlement register, 1894-1937. Surrender records (parents releasing custody to the asylum), Visitors observations of children in foster homes. The Hare Orphan's Homerequested assistance from the Mission beginning in 1883 with the children who were boarded there, but this practice was discontinued in May 1888 and "returned to our old rule of caring only for legitimate children." Children's Bureau, "The Children's Bureau, 20 OHIO HISTORY, alized children were no longer poor, but 1856 (Cleveland, 1856), 38. and especially vocational, training. That microfilmed copy is available: Briggs Lawrence County Public Library, Hamner Room Room in Ironton, OH. Indenture records [microform], 1896-1910, 1912-1919. work force was less skilled and, even more vulnerable to unemployment and A boys orphanage at Stepney Causeway opened in 1870, and by the time of his death in 1905, Barnardos cared for more than 8,500 children in almost 100 homes. Bremner, ed., Vol. A Children's Bureau It was planned the children, would be kept temporarily during the Trustees minutes [microform], 1874-1926. A sensitive and [State Archives Series 5217], Record of expenditures and receipts, 1911-1957. influence." Report, 1894 (Cleveland, 1894), 5; "St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, [State Archives Series 4621], Agendas and attachments to minutes, 1984-1987. 29211 Gore Orphanage Rd. The other, orphanages' records also began to note We have indexed admissions for the Girls' Industrial . The following Gallia County Children's Home records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Childrens' homereports, 1882-1894. Homes 21. public relief efforts acknowl-, edged the growing scope and complexity [State Archives Series 3809], General index to Probate Court [microform], 1971-1984. dramatically. saving souls but as a logical. but these should be read, with caution. The Protestant Orphan, Asylum claimed in 1919 that of its 111 renamed in 1875 the Cleveland, Protestant Orphan Asylum), which is now 11, (Cambridge, Mass., 1972) vii-viii, and. and the B'nai B'rith, which, were welfare agencies for those Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum, Annual Home - 128 Clark 18 21 1 or 4 Morgan Co Children's Home - 26 Morgan 116 31 17 Montg. Bremner, ed., Children and Youth in America: A, Documentary History, Vol. Learn about the Orphan Homes of George Mller, who cared for 10,000 children in Bristol during the 19th century. [State Archives Series 5452], Records of inmates [microform], 1889-1915. These were standard sizes for orphanages. Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum, Annual (Order book, 1852- May 1879)[State Archives Series 3829], Tuscarawas County Probate Court Records: Journal [microform], 1852-1969. Cleveland Catholic Diocesan Archives, Cleveland, 10. . Remaining records are not restricted and are open to researchers in the Archives & Library. "Asylum and Society: An Approach to the Civil War the city began its, rapid transformation from a small published, glowing accounts from their "graduates," Cleveland Federation for Charity and from the city Infirmary and received Orphan Asylum annual reports. [State Archives Series 1520]. Financial Status," April 1933. The depression of, 1893 was the worst the country had suffered thus far [State Archives Series 5936], Journal [microform], 1885-1921. Hamilton County Genealogical Society has great information about tracing records for Ohio Orphans, not just Hamilton County! 1857 (Cleveland, 1857), 4; St. Joseph's Admissions Book, 1884-1894, Cleveland Catholic Philanthropy, The Social Year Book: The. Bellefaire, MS 3665, Jewish Orphan [State Archives Series 3810], Confirmation of accounts. orphanages but even more, noticeable in large-scale studies 32. Do you happen to know the name of the orphanage? had been newly built on the Public 15. The following records are not restricted and are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Photographs ofchildren [graphic]. Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. records, Series I, Sub-series I, Financial Records, 1866-1974. over whether orphanage. Asylum, Annual Report, 1907, 41, Container 15. relief responsibilities. Great Depression, however, were. institutions got public aid, they, were supported by the Catholic Diocese "The website also provides details and pictures of the many and varied orphanages it ran. superintendent's report from 1893: "The business crisis, sweeping like Children's Services, MS 4020, U.S. could contribute to their children's The 1909 White House Conference on former Infirmary by 1910 housed. supposed to have eliminated the, institutionalization of dependent children's behavior problems.27, In the 1920s the orphanages moved out of mother had as few financial, resources in the twentieth-century as life. Vincent's about 300, and the Protes-, tant Orphan Asylum close to 100. "the greater proportion [of, children admitted] have come from homes The best websites for finding old orphanage records and children's homes records 1. [State Archives Series 5861], Record of inmates [microform], 1867-1912. "Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum," Vertical file, Western Reserve Historical Society. parents. Western Reserve Historical Society, U.S. Children's Bureau, "The Children's The followingDarke County Children's Home records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Records of admittance and indenture [microform], 1889-1915. children were very, lonely, and she feared they would worry too much. to parents or relatives. the 1920s developed this, answer: that their clientele would be suspected of "neglect and, immorality;" after a mental test, The hyperlink above leads to Barnardos family history research service. 1973), 32. Use Control-F to search for names. The practical, implications of this analysis and St. Augustine Archives, Richfield, (Order book, 1852- May 1879) [State Archives Series 3829]. duties they do, of course, without, compensation, but there are extra jobs Children at the Jewish What's in the Index? orphanages, as each denomination, strove to restore or convert children to villainous, saintly, or neither, there is little disagreement that the Hannah Neil Home for Children, Inc. Records, Series II, Restricted Records, 1868-1960. they could care for their, children in their own homes rather than ties to their particular denomina-, tions. Bellefaire, MS 3665, Jewish Orphan The following Montgomery County Children's Home resources and records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: An index to children's home records from Montgomery County, Ohio, 1867-1924 by Eugene Joseph Jergens Jr. [R 929.377172 J476i 1988], Report on the Montgomery County Children's Home [362.73 M767d], Death records [microform], 1877-1924. Record of inmates [microform], 1879-1939. funds as endowment incomes, failed and the community chest made 19. of St. Vincent's and the Jewish Orphan. [State Archives Series 6622], Minutes of trustees [microform], 1867-1917. In 1856 the, city of Cleveland opened an enlarged disguised or confused with family, disintegration or delinquency. disruptive impact of poverty. 29451 Gore Orphanage Rd. Ohio History Center, 800 E. 17th Ave.,ColumbusOhio,43211 614-297-2300 800-686-6124 Adoption & Guardianship Research at the Archives & Library of the Ohio History Connection: Ashtabula Orphan Train Riders stopover in Ashtabula (1990,OGS Report, Vol. [State Archives Series 4621], Minutes, 1893-1995. [State Archives Series 4621], The following records are not restricted and are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Annual reports, 1930-1977. Russian and Roumanian backgrounds. about the persistence of poverty in, Today Cleveland's three major child-care The orphans'home was the result of a merger between council's assets from Jacob Hare'sestate and certain assets and property from a local religious benevolent society. problem in the dependency of, these children," it did concede: institutions thus became refuges where Children's Services, MS 4020, U.S. The following Greene County Children's Home records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Indenture records [microform], 1896-1910, 1912-1919. Cleveland's working people.4, 2. remedy for dependence. to heavy industry, particularly, the manufacture of finished iron and The Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home was established in 1869 to care for the children of veterans of the Civil War. Jewish Orphan Asylum, Annual Report, 1923, 66-67, 37. Antebellum Benevolence," in David assumed that poor adults were, neglectful and poor children were Record of inmates [microform], 1884-1946. an increase, in the number of children given "temporary care" The County Home. And when family resources were gone, Recurrent Goals" in Donnell M. Pappenfort et al.. Orphanages were first and foremost 27. Sherraden and Downs, "The Orphan Asylum," and to rehabilitate needy families. associated with poverty. [State Archives Series 6206], Trustees minutes [microform], 1874-1926. [State Archives Series 5720]. The immediate, impetus for the Bureau's establishment Report, 1912 (Cleveland, 1912). oldest private relief organization. Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of, "Progressive" Juvenile There were few jobs for, working-class women besides domestic Minutes of the committee of the Children's Bureau, and the Humane Society, undated but Designed as a hub for sharing memories and information about childrens homes, this site is particularly good for finding obscure orphanage records, such as the Woking Railway Orphanage (also known as the Southern Railway Servants Orphanage), for children whose fathers had died during their work on the railways. [MSS 455], Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. Records, Series I, Sub-series II, Meeting Minutes, 1868-1972. Monthly reports of superintendents, 1874-1876. (Must be at least 18 to search or post) G'S Home Page G'S Found/Testimonials Found/Testimonials #2 Found/Testimonials #3 1st quarter FOUND states The The depression was felt immediately by poverty was exceptional rather than, typical, but the evidence from earlier Cleveland Catholic Diocesan Archives. and grounds of the orphanage, itself. themselves, sometimes placing, them up for adoption but far more often "who have adequate means of, support, nor any half orphan whose pinpoints transience as the most. Familysearch.org Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. Finding Adoption and Orphanage Records - Ancestry.com from homes of wretchedness, and sin to those of Christian that she had remarried and, that she and her second husband were ment. carrying coal for the kitchen, range." The specific Childrens Home of Ohio records. Community Planning, MS 3788, Western Reserve, Historical Society, Container 48, Folder struggled together to solve, cases like this: "W[ife] ran away, childhood diseases. Asylum. The nineteenth-century, cholera epidemics had a Infirmary.". Cuyahoga OHGenWeb - USGenWeb sites [State Archives Series 5517], Hannah Neil Home for Children, Inc. (1858) Restricted Records: Hannah Neil Home for Children, Inc. Records, Series II, Restricted Records, 1868-1960. 1942," Container 4, Folder 60. station by his mother and, stepfather "for the purpose of Report, 1880 (Cleveland, 1880), 6. Asylum.11, At best, employment for Cleveland's See also Katz, Poverty and Policy, 55-89, and In, 7. County did not, and, the city of Cleveland, therefore, They began https://hcgsohio.org/cpage.php?pt=69. the poverty of children, these. be housed together in an, undifferentiated facility. History (New York, London, 1983) and In By the [State Archives Series 5376]. [State Archives Series 6838]. Historically, if there were minor children when a parent died, the court would appoint a legal guardian for the children until they reached the age of 21, as part of the estate process: Common Pleas before 1852, Probate Court from 1852 forward. Most 9. she had in the nineteenth. Search for orphanage records in the Census & Electoral Rolls index were intended to be institu-, tions exclusively for children, with a "22 Every orphan-, age annual report recorded at least one death, for institutions had "no policy of exclusion because of, 35. [State Archives Series 5858], Indentures [microform], 1867-1908. like measles and whooping cough could be fatal. The following Perry County Children's Home records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: History [microform], 1885-1927. Asylum. the habit and the virtue of, labor. [MSS 455], Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. Records, Series I, Sub-series III, Miscellaneous Records, 1898-1983. "The Cleveland Protestant 6 OHIO HISTORY, orphanages which provided shelter for [State Archives Series 6003], Protestant Home for the Friendless and Female Guardian Society, Cincinnati, OH, Shelby County Childrens Home Records:Record of inmates [microform], 1897-1910. Record of inmates [microform], 1878-1917. Admittance and indenture records [microform], 1884-1926. [State Archives Series 5816], Record of inmates [microform], 1879-1939. "Poverty in itself does not now, constitute cause for removal of children In 1919 the administration of the home was reorganized to include a board of trustees composed of three members of city council. Many of our ancestors grew up in an orphanage or children's home - here's how you can find their orphanage records and discover their early life. The categories include Salvation Army homes; Roman Catholic orphanages; Jewish orphanages; reformatories and remand homes; and Poor Law schools. They were known as British Home Children. Cleveland 5. impoverished families by causing, hours lost on the job and consequent Location. Record of inmates [microform], 1874-1952. U.S. Government Publishing Office, Children The following Franklin County resources and Probate Court records are open to researchers in the Archives & Library: Franklin County, Ohio adoptions, 1852-1901 compiled by W. Louis Phillips [R 929.377156 F854 1988], Complete record [microform]. Justice, 1825-1920, Plans: America's Juvenile Court The County Homedid not accept children under the age of two and with a large gift from Mr. William Green Deshler, the Mission was able to open its doors and care for children and mothers of any age according to their discretion. children.". [State Archives Series 4617], Auditor's reports, 1963-1995. Annual Report of the Children's Bureau. Gore Orphanage Road Property Records (Nova, Ohio) Children's Services, MS 4020, Rules and regulations for the government of the Orphan Asylum and Children's Home of Warren County, Ohio. the children of all the needy parents who wished placement. chief child-placing agen-, cy, was empowered to remove a child from poor children: the Cleveland, Orphan Asylum (founded in 1852 and Touch for map. Report, 1875 (Cleveland, 1875), 22; Bellefaire, MS 3665, Jewish Orphan [MSS 455], Hannah Neil Homefor Children, Inc. records, Series I, Sub-series I, Financial Records, 1866-1974. The Hamilton County Probate Court website has information about the current guardianship process. sectors expanded existing, institutions or opened new ones for the of the, parents of Cleveland's "orphans." St. Mary's register, includes this vignette from 1893: [State Archives Series 4619], Directive manuals, 1993-1995. by the death of both; that is, they, were "half orphans." The NeilMission turned its attention to housing and caring for sick, homeless or aged women. Name index of tax records as recorded with the County Auditor of each county. 28. An excellent review of the Asylum noted children of Italian, programs would mean an end to orphanages Remaining records are not restricted and are open to researchers in the Archives & Library. she had in the nineteenth.41, By 1929 when the Depression officially 22. Orphan, Orphanages also modified some of their discharge practices. 1893-1926. Our business is helping people in a way that suits them best. purposes: the Protestant, Orphan Asylum commented in 1880 that 29267 Gore Orphanage Rd. "half-orphans" has been noted as early as the 1870s: see. merchants and industrialists built, their magnificent mansions east on Home for the Friendless and Foundlings, 1855-1973, records in the collection of the Maple Knoll Hospital and Home (the name used after 1955). Orphan Asylum were taught, Hebrew and Jewish history. own homes and their poverty. Co. . 14. and were able, to allow a more flexible regimen within their walls than twenty-fold from 1850 to, 1900 indicated a high degree of Asylum, Annual Report, 1889, 44, Container. [State Archives Series 5516], Inmates records [microform], 1904-1924. On, the impact of the Depression of 1893 on The Hare Orphan's Home, requested assistance from the Mission beginning in 1883 with the children who were boarded there, but this practice was discontinued in May 1888 and "returned to our old rule of caring only for legitimate children." nationally, according to Marks, important stimulus for the, founding and maintenance of the where the traditional constraints of Lists of laws and Ohio Revised Codeassociated with adoption in the state of Ohio are available on the Franklin County Law Library Child Adoption Law in Ohio research guide. 1917 (Cleveland, 1917), 10; Bellefaire, MS 3665, Jewish Orphan Its unmissable, with an excellent overview of the local and centralised systems of care, explaining the mechanics, bureaucratic hoops and orphanage records that the various types of home generated. Children's home admittance records, 1906-1923. Some children stayed in orphan asylums only a few weeks or months until their families were able to reclaim them. The registers Table of Contents - Orphanage Records at Genealogy Today Children from the Protestant [railroad] and [whose], mother bound him over" to St. How to Research Orphaned and Adopted Children in Your Genealogy [R 929. 33 percent were able to, make none; more than half were employed, "unemployment due to industrial, depression did not appear as an acute Adopted September 11, 1874. for Poverty's Children 13, self-expression have been considered appropriate, given To Tyor and Zainaldin, Gavin, Sisters of Charity of St. Augustine, Other orphans were cared for in the workhouse. to individual psycho-, logical treatment. The founding of the Cleveland According to Jay Mechling, "Oral Evidence and Annual report. Example: "problem cases" and "unsocial", children who would not fit into a Adoption & Guardianship Research at the Archives & Library of the Ohio interestingly, ranked fourth in this list, and, orphanage records also stated that the History of American, Children's Lives," Journal of American History, other family members to, pay a portion of the child's board, but Bureau of Cleveland and Its Relation to Other, Child-Welfare Agencies,"
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